We examined an index of abundance for rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus involving a spotlight plot count (SPC) using capture-mark-resighting as a reference method in five study areas. In these areas, density varied over a wide range, from 0.7 to 23.4 rabbits/ha, which is representative of most European populations. The SPC precision was good, as the coefficient of variation ranged within 5-54%, the median value being 17%. We showed area and year effects on the index and a significant relationship between the SPC and ln(density) (P < 0.0001). The logarithmic relationship between density and SPC suggests a saturation of the index when density increases. Despite the fact that the SPC index was highly correlated with density, its ability to detect population changes was rather poor. This lack of sensitivity may be due to factors affecting rabbit detectability such as climatic conditions, lunar phases, observers, changes in crop rotation and, more generally, to factors affecting the number of rabbits above ground at the time of the count. The area effect means that the index is not suitable for comparing data recorded in different areas. The year effect is an actual obstacle to the use of this index since, within a defined area, the temporal changes in the index values are not related only to the estimated density. Our study highlights the necessity to validate abundance indices against reference methods so as to check their ability to detect changes in population size and their suitability for comparing data from different areas.